Quantum Physics

Nonetheless, it must be noticed that the European Debt Crisis is as yet going on in the vast majority of the European nations, and in this way, It may be increasingly ideal for Ping A to concentrate on the Salsa-Pacific market where a large portion of the business sectors are as yet rising and above all, hose markets have low connection with the effect of worldwide economy emergency because of lesser exchanging exercises with those nations influenced by the crisis.In request to enter effectively Into developing business sector and less created nations, for example, India, Vietnam and Africa, one needs to comprehend a few components identifying with the objective markets, for example, nearby social and standard practices, size and extent of potential chances, see needs and needs of buyers and see how the administrations are utilized In the market and by whom. Also, the system Ping A pick o seek after outside market openings as a rule relies upon various components including cost of el ective techniques, the measure of inalienable dangers included, government guidelines and neighborhood showcase conditions.While resource the executives had been delayed to take off in most created nations, protection areas are developing quickly In rising economies. Bolstered by great macroeconomic variables including populace development and rising salary levels, for example, the instance of India where the Indian protection industry rose as one of the quickest creating markets of he worldwide protection industry (Money Control 2011). A portion of the market section procedures that Ping A could utilize Include setting up entirely claimed auxiliaries In these developing market.This Is when 100% of the unacceptable regular stock Is possessed by Ping An. With such methodology, Ping A could acquaint its protection items with local people as per their requirements and needs. In addition, so as to contend with the remainder of the insurance agencies in India, Ping A would need to partic ipate in item Innovation in order to all the more likely match the hazard profile of strategy holders and making brews and promoting increasingly capable and responsible (Parker 2012). Ping A could likewise participate in less dangerous methodology, for example, banding together with the neighborhood insurance agencies or Joint ventures.A Joint endeavor Is a vital coalition where at least 2 gatherings, generally organizations, structure an association to share markets, Intellectual property, resources, information and benefits. Such methodology is esteemed to be less unsafe since the neighborhood association may give Ping An entrance to more noteworthy assets including, specific staff and innovation. In addition, nearby organizations would have more noteworthy comprehension of the neighborhood's needs and needs, permitting Ping A to alter protection items that suits the requirements of strategy holders.However, it must be noticed that the principle detriment of such procedure is tha t in most joint endeavors, targets are normally not 100% clear and spoken with everybody included, accordingly this could prompt undesirable question between parties (Allen 2011). To wrap things up, Ping A could likewise take part In remote direct Investment by buying the portions of another insurance agency in the developing business sector. For instance, India as of late has 1 OFF organizations (Chuddar and Kola 2014). Such opening of the part could be consider as an open door for Ping A to enter into the huge IIS$ 66. Billion Indian market (FIEF 2014). Be that as it may, unbending due steadiness must be done about the neighborhood insurance agencies earlier contributing to forestall any accidents or lackluster showing of the organization. All in all, Ping A could consider taking part in these market section systems that have been set before however there is a need to weigh both the favorable circumstances and drawbacks of executing these diverse technique in order to guarantee an effective worldwide extension of Ping A protection business.

Testing of life expectancy Would you want to know

Presentation Throughout the web, there are various sites professing to have virtual products where individuals after entering some close to home data, they are educated with exactness their future. The evident precision of these tests is prohibited and the vast majority of those individuals who take them infrequently accept what they are told.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Testing of future: Would you need to know? explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is on the grounds that various programming projects produce differed results making it troublesome in any event, for the most passionate devotees of these fakes to swallow what they see. While the majority of the online tests are cheats with little believability, there could really be another approach to decide people’s future. Researchers in the UK might have the option to tell to what extent one will live through an exceptional blood test that will include investigation of a perso n’s hereditary make up. A large portion of the individuals who take an interest on the online tests will locate this fascinating on account of the degree of logical association and the expanded communication with those that are offering the test. The way that these researchers are good to go out the administration in the market shows that they are persuaded that it is trustworthy and that they are prepared to bear any lawful difficulties and are prepared to demonstrate experimentally that their technique works. The inquiry anyway is whether individuals will step through the exam or not. I would not have any desire to have the test Before an individual steps through this exam, various elements come to play. When deliberately dissected, the negative marks exceed the benefits that ought to debilitate any individual of sound psyche from stepping through the examination. Legitimacy of the test, the budgetary perspective, and the psychological readiness of such an endeavor will deb ilitate me from stepping through the exam. The explanations behind not stepping through the exam are handled underneath in detail. Legitimacy of the test and budgetary perspective The test tries to dissect a person’s status of telomeres, to decide the speed of maturing. The intelligence behind this is the shorter the telomeres, the quicker somebody will age.Advertising Looking for paper on maturing? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Since mature age is for the most part connected with end of life, these researchers figure they can utilize insights like the predominant future of a person’s district to ascertain the quantity of years he/she will live. What they don't tell individuals is that this test will just test the organic age of an individual. While organic age may have some relationship with ordered age, it isn't in total a precise method to decide to what extent an individual will leave. To be reasonable, this test adopts a ceteris paribus strategy to ordered age. While it is feasible for one’s organic age to be over a hundred, sequential age is dependent upon numerous components like mishaps that can undoubtedly take a person’s life at any age. Except if they incorporate the component of different elements that cause demise and are outside human ability to control, its will be a negligible exercise in futility to step through the exam. All the above comes at a stunning figure of a likeness $700, a figure path past what a large number of those that will need to step through the examination. For what it's worth, there are as of now numerous tests that are accessible and that consider numerous components past natural age with to some degree precise consequences of future. All things considered, accepting the test is somewhat precise and one’s future is determined, its will be a wellspring of individual issues like passionate breakdowns that may demonstrate hard to deal with. Passionate breakdown Given that this test is supported by some logical demonstrate, a few people are probably going to take the outcomes completely. Individuals have for along time flourished in secret and obliviousness. The puzzle that encompasses demise and the absence of information on how it is caused and when it will happen has saved numerous individuals a great deal of misery. Information on a person’s date or evident date of death is probably going to dive a few people into a condition of passionate trouble that is achieved by disavowal, dread, and apprehension.Advertising We will compose a custom paper test on Testing of future: Would you need to know? explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is sheltered to accept that relatively few individuals can confront the assurance of death in their calm condition of psyches. This by itself is reason enough for one not to step through the examination in light of the fact that obviously the advantage s of knowing your date of death are less those of not knowing. Determination There will be a great deal of upsides and downsides about the future tests. The choice anyway lies with any person that is intrigued. Whatever it is, the main concern remains that this test will accomplish more damage than anything else. This paper on Testing of future: Would you need to know? was composed and put together by client Lee Perry to help you with your own examinations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it appropriately. You can give your paper here.

Book Riots Deals of the Day for March 12th, 2019

Book Riot’s Deals of the Day for March 12th, 2019 Sponsored by our Whats Up in YA Giveaway of a $100 gift card to Amazon! Enter here. These deals were active as of this writing, but may expire soon, so get them while they’re hot! Todays  Featured Deals Alif the Unseen: A Novel by G. Willow Wilson for $1.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. The River at Night by Erica Ferencik for $2.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. The Patriots: A Novel by Sana Krasikov for $1.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. In Case You Missed Yesterdays Most Popular Deals My Sister, the Serial Killer: A Novel by Oyinkan Braithwaite for $3.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. What Alice Forgot by Liane Moriarty for $1.99.  Get it here, or just click on the cover image below. 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Elizabeth Has A Population Of 129,007 People Living In

Elizabeth has a population of 129,007 people living in the city. It is the fourth largest community in New Jersey with twenty-six constituent neighborhoods. It is an extremely ethnically-diverse city with 64% of the population Hispanic, 17% Black, and 14% White. Elizabeth was once ranked number eleven in a list of dangerous cities in New Jersey (Uniform). While there are surveys and public polls on what cities in a state are the most dangerous, I did not want to rely on speculation and opinion. Instead, I looked at the hard numbers from the Federal Bureau Investigations (FBI) reports in the last five years. I more specifically analyzed the FBI’s Uniform Crime Report (UCR) which summarizes the number of property crimes and violent crimes†¦show more content†¦Young people learn right from wrong by following their guardian’s examples throughout their childhood, and if they are not taught right from wrong it may lead them to do some criminal doings. Places, where f amilies are crowded together are unpleasant for some young individuals, where they then find themselves getting in trouble more with the law. Sometimes their actions are simply a search for excitement, adventures and being able to fit in. There are some who break the law as an attempt to get even with the society for the kind of life they have to live in. Moreover, the main cause would be a means of supporting one’s self in the kind of society they live in. Many people who live in poor conditions sometimes have no other way of maintaining their homes so they resort to theft or other criminal activities. The only opinion that they have is to be able to survive the day to day hardship is to give one in a life of crime to support themselves. Unemployment plays a massive role in the cause of crime because the people feel if they are not able to work to sustain themselves they must steal in order to keep themselves and their families surviving. Therefore, living in poor home condi tions and the feeling for the need to survive is one of the main causes of crimes happening in Elizabeth. Another reason that encourages crime in Elizabeth is being a member of a gang. Many young people who get into trouble with the law are/or have some kind of relationship

How Psychological Research Has Helped in the Understanding...

How psychological research has helped in the understanding of criminal behaviour Bandura (1961) - Bobo doll experiment - Albert Bandura created the bobo doll experiment in 1961, the aim of this experiment was to show that if children where witnesses to aggressive displays by an adult of some sort they would imitate this behaviour when given an opportunity. The tested group contained 36 young girls and 36 young boys all aged between 4 and 5 years which was then divided into 3 groups of 24 – the aggressive condition, the non aggressive condition and the control group. The first group involved the children watching aggressive models, where the children where then subdivided by sex of the role model they were exposed to. The second group†¦show more content†¦This study has helped in the understanding of criminal behaviour as children learn through imitation and the environment which they grow up in have an effect on their behaviour. If a child has been brought up around abuse, criminal activity or consistent aggression then the child is most likely to offend by imitating their role model wh ich could be a parent, sibling or even just a role model which they look up to. Philip Zimbardo (1971) - Stanford prison experiment – Dr Philip Zimbardo created the Stanford prison experiment in 1971, the aim of this experiment was to find out the psychological effects of prison life, and to what extent can moral people be seduced to act immorally. The study consisted of 24 students selected out of 75, the roles of these 24 men were randomly assigned, 12 to play prison guards and 12 to play prisoners. The prison set up was built inside the Stanford’s psychological department, doors where taken of laboratory rooms and replaced with steel bars in order to create cells. At the end of the corridor was the small opening which became the solitary confinement for the ‘bad prisoners’. Throughout the prison there were no windows or clocks to judge the passage in time, which resulted in time distorting experiences. After only a few hours, the participants adapted to their roles well beyond expectations, the officers startingShow MoreRelatedCriminology Theories1039 Words   |  5 Pagesessay. It is said b y Sutherland (1939), that Criminology is made up by â€Å"three great tributaries: The study of crime, the study of those who commit crime and the study of the criminal justice and penal systems†. Criminologists study this topic in an attempt to gain a greater understanding on the motives behind criminal behaviour, so they can provide their own opinion on what they believe â€Å"Criminology† is, this can be shown through different theories that have been created. These opinions will be analysedRead MoreWhy do individuals commit crimes?1381 Words   |  6 Pagesfor centuries, researchers of all kinds have been persistent in analyzing criminals for an answer. The scholarly attention to crime from various perspectives has allowed for an extensive range of theories which are based on three broad theoretical approaches of explaining criminal behaviour. These theoretical approaches, which focus on the causes of crime and deviance in modern society, are the biological approa ch, psychological approach and the sociological approach. First, the Biological Theory believesRead MoreThe Nature And Nurture Debate : How The Four Areas Of Criminal Behavior?1605 Words   |  7 Pagesthe history of psychology, questions whether or not criminal behaviour is a result of the nature of a person, meaning something that lies in their genes causing a person to act in a certain way, or nurture, the environment, therefore criminal behaviour as a result of a person’s life experiences (Sincero, 2012). This essay shall look in depth and answer to how the four areas of criminal behaviour, which are biological, sociological, psychological and environmental, as part of the nature and nurtureRead MoreThe Behavioral Perspective And The Biological Perspective1306 Words   |  6 Pagesperspective and the biological perspective. According to J Walker (2012) the behavioural perspective is based on behaviourism and is the study of observing behaviour when in certain contexts and events. The biological perspective however, explains beh aviour by focusing on the function of the nervous system, genes and the brain. Behaviourists regard behaviour has a response and stimulus which is determined by the environment one lives in. With this reductionist idea, it is therefore easy for behaviourists toRead MoreWhat Is The Study Of The Psychological Abuse Of Criminals?899 Words   |  4 Pages For solutions, it is important to look at other studies of the psychological makeup of criminals and what types of treatment work best. Convicted offenders of violent and felony crimes have lower emotional intelligence compared to control groups, so it is hypothesized that emotional intelligence enhancement programs in prison may help inmates understand and control their own emotions and how to react to other people’s emotions (Sharma et al). The studies used by Sharma et al were paper and pencilRead MoreUnderstanding Epr Use Within English Mental Health Trusts ( Mhts )1446 Words   |  6 PagesABSTRACT Background: NHS services delivering psychological treatments to clients requires volumes of patient data to be collected. Patient history information, as well as the dialogue, progress notes and risk assessments, result in mental health services accumulating comparatively more information about each patient than would be recorded by physical health practitioners. The information age has helped to transform the way all patient data is collected and stored. As a result, debate and concernsRead MoreMoral Development And The Social Learning Theory Essay1466 Words   |  6 Pagesactions and good from bad behaviour. Albert Bandura believed in the social learning theory and that morality is developed by the individual through observation and imitation. The social learning theory is the perspective that suggests people learn within a social context. The concept is that when there is a stimulus there is a response in accordance to the stimuli. (Bandura, 1965) This is Referred to as â€Å"monkey see, monkey do.† Bandura’s work is based on the concept all behaviour is learned and so theRead MoreThe Justice And Restorative Justice1621 Words   |  7 Pagesspecific crime (Roche 343). Restorative justice is the the ideal response for the majority of youth involved in criminal activity, as it’s a rehabilitative method that produces positive healing processes and outcomes, especially in comparison to retributive justice approaches. Martin Wright explains that restorative justice involves a fundamental change in the response a society has towards individuals who harm one another. Wright elaborates that this terminology shifts the meaning of crime, stressingRead MoreShould Drugs Be Legalized?2054 Words   |  9 Pageswhether drugs should be legalised has been ongoing for many decades. Legalisation and regulation of some illicit drugs are now on the agenda. Statistics have shown that in 2014-2015, around 1 in 12 (8.6%) adults aged 16 to 59 had taken an illicit drug (Home Office, 2015). Illicit drug use is said to be rising in the UK. Research was conducted by the Observer whereby they found that in 2008, 27% of the population had taken illegal drugs. However, this figure has now increased to 31% (Mann, 2014).Read MoreSex Offenders And Sexual Offenders Essay1420 Words   |  6 PagesNew Zealand (Nadesu, 2011). In 2005, there were 703 in total apprehensions of sexual assaults committed against children 16 years a nd under in New Zealand. Since then there has been a rise with total of 1029 apprehensions recorded in 2014 (New Zealand Family Violence Clearinghouse, 2015), thus may be a reason as to why there has been such interest around child sexual offenders in criminology. Furthermore, sexual offending tends to be seen as an attribute in an individual that is unchangeable, with

Building Effective Teams Daniels and Daniels Free Essays

As part of determining the effectiveness of a team, the team’s performance needs to be carefully measured. However, measuring the performance of a traditional team, where all members work in the same place in a single location, is different from measuring the performance of that of a global-based team. There are many factors that need to be considered when it comes to these measurements. We will write a custom essay sample on Building Effective Teams Daniels and Daniels or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is important that the differences be considered in order to create a fair measurement of each member’s performance. Daniels and Daniels (1993, p.  46) said that â€Å"establishing a global system of measuring performance allows alignment of global stages in the company so that any given individual employee knows at any given point in time how his/her performance is contributing to the global business objectives and strategy. † Being a member of a global-based team, there are certain skills that management would desire for the member to have in order to work effectively with the team. These characteristics and skills need to be exhibited by the members and can be used to determine the performance of each member. The different skills are discussed briefly below. Diversity Tolerance Global-based teams would have members belonging to different races, different nationalities and culture. In short, the team is diversified when it comes to its members. For the members of this kind of team to work properly, each of them needs to understand the nature of the team and be willing to work with people from different countries. Teamwork Willingness As with any type of team, members should all be team players. Each team member should know how to cooperate and contribute to the success of the team in attaining its goals. Etiquette Work etiquette is very important especially in a team-based organization. Each member is expected to work with each other. Though the work ethics of each member may differ from the other, the general and standard rules should still be observed. Listening Skills This is a very important skill that any individual should possess, especially when working with teams. Listening to others means that you are respecting their views, thoughts and decisions. You may not totally agree with them but you are sending the message that you are welcoming the idea when you listen. This skill is also crucial for a team’s success. Stress Resistance Stress comes with any type of work. People get stressed due to pressure. But most of the people who are usually stressed are those that cannot manage their time wisely. It is important for a team and each member to have a good sense of time management in order to avoid getting stressed as it affects the performance and productivity of the whole team. Problem Solving and Conflict Handling One of the skills that a mature and experienced professional should have is the ability to handle most of the problems that may occur. Being able to make wise decisions to solve problems is desirable in any team structure. The diverse culture and nationalities of the members would also produce conflict more often than expected. Thus, it is important that each member of the team should be able to effectively handle these conflicts and come with resolutions that are amenable to everyone. To measure the performance of the team and its members in terms of the skills mentioned above, I would suggest having a balanced scorecard that encompasses all aspects of performance. The above skills are some of the competencies that each member should possess as an individual and would comprise 50% of the scorecard. The remaining 50% would be quantitative performance, i. e. adherence to the set metrics, and shareholder value. The first 50%, which are composed of the qualities described above, can be measured through peer feedback. Team members get to assess one another in terms of the above skills and rate each other accordingly. Of course, this is done anonymously. Feedback from other team members can really help in the assessment of each member’s performance in terms of the different qualities above. Other than peer feedback, managers and supervisors can also add their own observations of the member since there can be times that peer feedbacks become subjective. Another method of evaluating these skills, perhaps, is assessment through case study and defense. Members will be given a scenario, internal or external, that commonly happens in the business and the team and be asked to accomplish the goal described in the scenario. The scenario and the goal can be made to encompass all or most of the qualities stated above. Each member then submits a comprehensive answer and response to the case study. Managers can now evaluate each member’s capability based on the responses received. Each member will also be given the chance to defend his/her responses in a discussion with the supervisor. These performance measurement tools suggested may be presented to the upper management for approval. Perhaps, a sample feedback form and case assessment can be provided for the director to better appreciate the tools being suggested. Team and Individual Performance A team’s performance may be an indicating factor of how each member of the team works. Rewarding the team as a whole when a goal is accomplished is a good way to boost their confidence. However, each individual’s performance should also be rewarded accordingly. A team performing well as whole does not necessarily mean that every member is doing an exemplary job. If individual rewards are given to top performers, other members will also be motivated and be encouraged to work harder to also gain achievement and rewards. That would mean a much better performance that awaits the team. Analysis In my research for the above discussion on suggestions for performance measurement tools, I have come to realize that performance is not only measured in terms of what the member can do and how productive the member is. It is also important to assess different skills sets and competencies that relate to the way a member does the job and work with other people. Since in a global-based environment physical interaction may be very limited, the skills mentioned above would compensate for this and contribute to the overall success of the team. The skills mentioned above can actually be summarized into two major things: total respect for each other despite the differences and ability to work as a team with common goals. These things should be made known to the employees at the very start of building this kind of team. In fact, these skills should also be part of the qualifications in recruiting potential members of the team. With the skills mentioned above, there are some which are based on cultural differences such as diversity tolerance and conflict handling. These measurements can be better understood by the employees by explaining clearly to them the purpose of these measurement criteria. It should be made clear to them that the purpose of these criteria is only to ensure that the employees are working well with each other despite of the differences and are able to resolve on their own the different conflicts that may exist among different members. These measurement tools can also assure them that there will be no bias on rewarding individuals just because of their cultural background; assessments will be done in an objective manner. References Daniels, J. L. Daniels, C. N. (1993). Global Vision: Building New Models for the Corporation of the Future. USA: McGraw-Hill Professional. Mitchell, C. (2000). A Short Course in International Business Culture. Novato, CA: World Trade Press. How to cite Building Effective Teams Daniels and Daniels, Papers

Shallow Foundation free essay sample

Shallows foundations are used when surface soils are sufficiently strong and stiff to support the imposed loads; they are generally unsuitable in weak or highly compressible soils, such as poorly-compacted fill, peat, recent lacustrine and alluvial deposits, etc. Pad foundations Pad foundations are used to support an individual point load such as that due to a structural column. They may be circular, square or reactangular. They usually consist of a block or slab of uniform thickness, but they may be stepped or haunched if they are required to spread the load from a heavy column. Pad foundations are usually shallow, but deep pad foundations can also be used. Strip foundations Strip foundations are used to support a line of loads, either due to a load-bearing wall, or if a line of columns need supporting where column positions are so close that individual pad foundations would be inappropriate. The main area of strip foundation are buildings with heavy walls (brick, concrete, stone), and heavy floor slabs. We will write a custom essay sample on Shallow Foundation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Strip foundation is located on the perimeter exterior walls, and placed under the supporting inner walls of buildings or other areas with increased load. Also strip foundation is well-suited for homes, which is planned to create basement, garage or basement. Strip foundation is also suitable in the case of a possible slight deformation of the base. Typically, strip footing located below the level of soil freezing at 20 cm of sandy soil You can lay the strip foundation and higher levels of freezing, but not more than 60 cm from ground level. For deep-freezing and highly swelling soils usually strip foundation shall not apply. Process itself strip foundation construction is simple, on the other hand it requires a fairly high cost of materials and work on the construction of the foundation. There are criteria for the minimum thickness of the foundation, which can be used building a house. Thus, the minimum thickness of reinforced concrete strip foundation – 10 cm of concrete – 25 cm, rubble concrete foundation – 35 cm, well and laying of natural stone – 50 cm in the construction of strip foundation to be also take into account the permissible load on the soil under the foundation. For clay soils at a depth of 80 cm load should not exceed 2 kg/cm2. In addition to pouring the foundation concrete mixtures, often strip foundations erected using ready-made foundation blocks or bricks. This speeds up the process of building a foundation. It should also be noted that during the construction of strip foundation is an opportunity to save money raising the foundation to the full depth only during the construction of heavy structures. There is still the most reliable option strip foundation remains solid foundation, more time-consuming and requires prior creating formwork and reinforcement training design to increase strength strip foundation. And in this case, the valves must be connected to each other by welding. Raft foundations Raft foundations are used to spread the load from a structure over a large area, normally the entire area of the structure. They are used when column loads or other structural loads are close together and individual pad foundations would interact. A raft foundation normally consists of a concrete slab which extends over the entire loaded area. It may be stiffened by ribs or beams incorporated into the foundation. Raft foundations have the advantage of reducing differential settlements as the concrete slab resists differential movements between loading positions. They are often needed on soft or loose soils with low bearing capacity as they can spread the loads over a larger area. Deep foundations * Piles Deep foundations are those founding too deeply below the finished ground surface for their base bearing capacity to be affected by surface conditions, this is usually at depths gt;3 m below finished ground level. They include piles, piers and caissons or compensated foundations using deep basements and also deep pad or strip foundations. Deep foundations can be used to transfer the loading to a deeper, more competent strata at depth if unsuitable soils are present near the surface. Piles are relatively long, slender members that transmit foundation loads through soil strata of low bearing capacity to deeper soil or rock strata having a high bearing capacity. They are used when for economic, constructional or soil condition considerations it is desirable to transmit loads to strata beyond the practical reach of shallow foundations. In addition to supporting structures, piles are also used to anchor structures against uplift forces and to assist structures in resisting lateral and overturning forces. Piers are foundations for carrying a heavy structural load which is constructed insitu in a deep excavation. Caissons are a form of deep foundation which are constructed above ground level, then sunk to the required level by excavating or dredging material from within the caisson. Compensated foundations are deep foundations in which the relief of stress due to excavation is approximately balanced by the applied stress due to the foundation. The net stress applied is therefore very small. A compensated foundation normally comprises a deep basement. Types of pile Piles are often used because adequate bearing capacity can not be found at shallow enough depths to support the structural loads. It is important to understand that piles get support from both end bearing and skin friction. The proportion of carrying capacity generated by either end bearing or skin friction depends on the soil conditions. Piles can be used to support various different types of structural loads. End bearing piles End bearing piles are those which terminate in hard, relatively impenetrable material such as rock or very dense sand and gravel. They derive most of their carrying capacity from the resistance of the stratum at the toe of the pile. Friction piles Friction piles obtain a greater part of their carrying capacity by skin friction or adhesion. This tends to occur when piles do not reach an impenetrable stratum but are driven for some distance into a penetrable soil. Their carrying capacity is derived partly from end bearing and partly from skin friction between the embedded surface of the soil and the surrounding soil.

The Shocking Fall Of Communism In Eastern And Central Europe In Essays

The shocking fall of communism in Eastern and Central Europe in the late eighties was remarkable for both its rapidity and its scope. The specifics of communism's demise varied among nations, but similarities in both the causes and the effects of these revolutions were quite similar. As well, all of the nations involved shared the common goals of implementing democratic systems of government and moving to market economies. In each of these nations, the communist regimes in power were forced to transfer that power to radically different institutions than they were accustomed to. Democracy had been spreading throughout the world for the preceding two decades, but with a very important difference. While previous political transitions had seen similar circumstances, the actual events in question had generally occurred individually. In Europe, on the other hand, the shift from communism was taking place in a different context altogether. The peoples involved were not looking to affect a narrow set of policy reforms; indeed, what was at stake was a hyper-radical shift from the long-held communist ideology to a western blueprint for governmental and economic policy development. The problem inherent in this type of monumental change is that, according to Ulrich K. Preuss, "In almost all the East and Central European countries, the collapse of authoritarian communist rule has released national, ethnic, religious and cultural conflicts which cannot be solved by purely economic policies" (47). While tremendous changes are evident in both the governmental and economic arenas in Europe, these changes cannot be assumed to always be "mutually reinforcing" (Preuss 47). Generally it has been theorized that the most successful manner of addressing these many difficulties is the drafting of a constitution. But what is clear is the unsatisfactory ability of a constitution to remedy the problems of nationalism and ethnic differences. Preuss notes that when the constitutional state gained favor in North America, it was founded on the principle of the unitary state; it was not designed to address the lack of national identity which is found throughout Europe - and which is counter to the concept of the constitutional state (48). "Measured in terms of socioeconomic modernization," writes Helga A. Welsh, "Central and Eastern European countries had reached a level that was considered conducive to the emergence of pluralistic policies" (19). It seemed that the sole reason the downfall of communism, as it were, took so long was the veto power of the Soviet Union. According to theories of modernization, the higher the levels of socioeconomic achievement, the greater the pressure for open competition and, ultimately, democracy. As such, the nations in Eastern and Central Europe were seen as"anomalies in socioeconomically highly-developed countries where particularly intellectual power resources have become widespread" (Welsh 19). Due to their longtime adherence to communist policies, these nations faced great difficulty in making the transition to a pluralist system as well as a market economy. According to Preuss, these problems were threefold: The genuine economic devastations wrought by the communist regimes, the transformation of the social and economic classes of the command economy into the social and economic classes of a capitalist economy and, finally, the creation of a constitutional structure for political entities that lack the undisputed integrity of a nation state (48). With such problems as these to contend with in re-engineering their entire economic and political systems, the people of East Germany seemed to be in a particularly enviable position. Economically, they were poised to unite with one of the richest countries, having one of the strongest economies, in the entire world. In the competition for foreign investment, such an alliance gave the late German Democratic Republic a seemingly insurmountable lead over other nations. In regards to the political aspects of unification, it effectively left a Germany with no national or ethnic minorities, as well as having undisputed boundaries. As well, there was no need to create a constitution (although many of the pitfalls of constitution-building would have been easily-avoided due to the advantages Germany had), because the leaders of the GDR had joined the Federal Republic by accession and, accordingly, allowed its Basic Law to be extended over their territory. For all the good that seemed to be imminent as a result of unification, many problems also arose regarding the political transformation that Germany was undergoing. Among these problems were the following: the tensions between the Basic Law's simultaneous commitments to supranational integration and to the German nation state, the relationship between the nation and the constitution as two different modes of political integration and the issue of so-called "backward justice" (Preuss 48). The Federal Republic of Germany's Basic Law has been the longest-lived constitution in Germany's history.

Drug and Alcohol Abuse Essay Example

Drug and Alcohol Abuse Essay Example Drug and Alcohol Abuse Paper Drug and Alcohol Abuse Paper Essay Topic: 8th Grade Drug and alcohol abuse is indeed a serious problem among many young people nowadays. This may be proven by statistical information and examples including the ones below. In spite of all the researches conducted on the effects of alcohol on teenagers, as well as, reasons stated why alcohol should be avoided by teenagers, it still cannot be denied that there are countless teenagers engaged in binge drinking (Sound.. n. p. ). Allow me to share with you the following extremely alarming statistical information: Forty percent of teenagers drink to address their being upset; twenty five percent, on the other hand, do so because they are alone; and another twenty five percent drink to manage being bored (Sound.. n. p. ). Furthermore, every teenager spends approximately spends $500 on alcoholic beverages (Sound.. n. p. ). Also, according to researchers, there are eight teenagers who die of alcohol-related accidents each day and that more than 300,000 teenagers will eventually die of alcohol-related occurrences (Sound.. n. p. ). Moreover, sixty percent of teenagers were discovered to be drunk when they were diagnosed to also have a sexually transmitted disease (Sound.. n. p. ). In addition, almost forty percent of teenagers who died because of drowning were drunk at the time of accident (Sound.. n. p. ). Plus, almost thirty two percent of teenagers who were arrested for unlawful behavior were under the influence of alcohol (Sound.. n. p. ). Last but not least, eighty six billion dollars go to waste each year because of consumption of alcohol, health care costs, accident costs, etc (Sound.. n. p. ). Aside from statistical information, there are also a few examples that may prove that alcohol abuse is indeed a problem among the youth nowadays. There were countless alcohol-related risk behaviors among the youth, especially college students and this include: 1) the high percentage of students who rode 1 or more times in a vehicle driven by a drunk driver; 2) the high percentage of students who drove a vehicle 1 or more times under the influence of alcohol; 3) the high percentage of students who had their first drink even before they entered college; 4) the extremely high percentage of students who had five or more drinks of alcohol in a row (National.. n. p. ). The aforementioned only show that alcohol is really a problem among the youth (National.. n. p. ). Meanwhile, the same is true with drug abuse as well. It is a problem as well. Let’s see why as we read and absorb the following examples: First, almost 26 % of high school seniors are engaged in drug abuse according to the Office of National Drug Control Policy (Office.. n. p. ). Second, approximately 15% of 8th graders and almost 23% of 10th graders are into drugs (Office.. n. p. ). Third, in 2001, it has reported that even 12-year old young individuals at least use marijuana once a month (Office.. n. p. ). Fourth, admission rates for treatment of marijuana abuse actually increased in almost all the states except for about nine (Office.. n. p. ). Of the total admissions, approximately, 91 % are young individuals aged 12 to 18 (Office.. n. p. ). Fifth, in 1998, there were more than two thousand six hundred deaths resulting from metamphetamine abuse and there were approximately fifty deaths because of abuse of ketamine (Office.. n. p. ). Sixth, young people who are heavy cigarette users and serious alcohol drinkers are most likely to be involved in drug abuse as well (Office.. n. p. ). Last but not least, fifty seven percent of the youth claim that obtaining marijuana is very easy, in fact they claim that can get that without even leaving their neighborhood (Office.. , n. p. ). References National Institutes on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Alcohol-Related Risk Behaviors Among Youth. 2003. n. a. 09 June 2007 niaaa. nih. gov/Resources/DatabaseResources/QuickFacts/Youth/default. htm Office of National Drug Control Policy. Drug Use Trends. n. d. n. a. 09 June 2007. whitehousedrugpolicy. gov/publications/factsht/druguse/ Sound Vision Foundation, Inc. Statistics on Teens. 2007. n. a. 09 June 2007 soundvision. com/Info/teens/stat. asp

Reflective report , on Do organizations align the recruitment and Dissertation

Reflective report , on Do organizations align the recruitment and selection of talent with their corporate strategy - Dissertation Example Corporate strategies mirror lasting personnel strategy and direct the employment and choice policy. Introduction In modern day, the task of human resource is no longer a back office function as it was back in the days (Gold, Thorpe & Mumford 2010). For a long time, scholars have embarked on intensive research on better methods of improving the practice of human resource management. The success of any given organization is highly dependent on the ability and talent adopted by a company. Unlike long ago where recruitment of new talent was depended on the traditional approach, it now has undergone transformations and has incorporated new ideas such as career orientation from time to time. The general idea behind recruitment of new talent is generally to align personnel practices to the overall business strategy. Thoughts In fact, the responsibility of human resourcing is viewed as a form of strategic business function. Every organization seeks to create a business impact in every form t hrough development of talent management skills. The reason for this is that organizations bear in mind that performance is largely dependent on the type of labor and skills employed. I tend to think that organizations hire for varying reasons. ... Incorporation of talent management into a company’s corporate structure is a big step towards adopting a capability driven team (Gold, Thorpe & Mumford 2010). The different organizations have varying forms of acquiring new staff. There a number of processes involved when it comes to the process of constructing a strong human resource arm of an organization. To most organizations, the main aim of hiring new staff is mainly aid accurate and objective decision making in a bid to get the most qualified staff only. Every company aims projects to have only the best in the market at the right place in the organization. Some companies have gone ahead, and even adopted Softwares that are meant to efficiently monitor systematic recruitment process (Gold, Thorpe & Mumford 2010). An example of this system is the SAAS, which stands for software as a recruit service. The software conducts simple recruitment functions such as attracting, selecting, and sourcing and even better yet, inducting new staff. Another such like software used in hiring is the PageUp people system (Gold, Thorpe & Mumford 2010). This system is flexible, very accurate, easy to work with and quick. The software is said to provide the efficiency in recording performance of the many applicants concerned. Feelings I strongly feel that strategic human resource management is crucial in organizations as it determines how well the investment function will be carried out. It is the responsibility of the human resource manager to conducts strategizing comprehensive efforts to only source for the best talent. The process of talent management in organizations entails a series of activities, which include talent identification, internal and external development as well as motivation, and talent

Business Management Affairs (TORT) Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Management Affairs (TORT) - Assignment Example Agreeing with Gary, Simon instructed his solicitor to prepare a partnership deed in which Gary will be liable for ?50,000, i.e. his invested amount as start-up capital. However, the solicitor drafted Gary and Simon as joint partners accountable for equal and several liabilities. Following a substantial loss, the overseas office closed and the creditors attempted to sue Gary for ?100,000. This was unknown to Gary as the partnership deed was not scrutinised by each of the two investors. In relation to the Law of Tort, this circumstance can be affirmed to be caused due to the careless behaviour of the solicitor and to a certain extent by Gary as well. Based on the Tort Law of Negligence, the paper will intend to suggest recommendations to Gary considering the options based on which he can take legal actions against the solicitor. The discussion will further elaborate on rendering advises to the solicitor, evaluating the options available to him to defend himself. Principles of the Tort Law Tort Law has been introduced to provide solutions to the victims of negligence resulting in damage to the applicant. The three elements that need to be considered while analysing a case of negligence under this particular law are ‘duty’, ‘breach’ and ‘damage’. In order to receive the applicants’ claim and make the defendant liable for the damages, these elements need to be satisfied. In other words, the defendant must be obliged to a duty of the claimant where the duty has been violated by the defendant and consequentially, damages have been caused. The damages can be described with two other sub-elements known as causation and remoteness. Causation refers to the claimant’s justification that had the duty not been infringed; damage should also not have happened. Whereas, remoteness is referred to a scenario where the claimant proves that the damage occurred was not impossible and the defendant should not be held liable for it. The tort of negligence is concerned with situations where sensible care lacked that resulted in damage to the claimant (Adams, 2010). Meaning of the Law The law has been imposed to determine the negligence factors caused either by the defendant or any other person who should be liable to compensate the financial damages to the claimant. The claimant shall intend to prove that due to the negligence of the defendant, the damages have been occurred. On the other hand, under this law, the defendant attempts to prove that the negligence was not caused intentionally and to some extent shall not be liable to the damages caused to the claimant. The law gives the opportunity to the courts to calculate the damages in references to the fault exhibited either by the claimant or by the defendant (Keenan & Riches, 2011). Recommendations to Gary It has been witnessed that due to negligence or carelessness of the solicitor, Gary has been held responsible for the liabilities to the creditors. Even though it is the solicitor’s mistake majorly, to some extent, Gary’s negligence of not reading the partnership deed can also be considered as a cause to his financial losses. In this context, Gary should take legal actions against the solicitor under the Professional Negligence Law. Gary has to prove that the financial loss, he is going to suffer, is due to the professional negligence or

The life style of common man

The life style of common man Introduction: We are living in the age of 21st century where scientific inventions have change the life style of a common man completely. We developed a lot of new technology without considering that these developments can harm us in many ways. Changing lifestyles, the increasing use of disposable materials and excessive packaging are all contributing to an increase in the amount of waste being created. Waste management is now a global concern. Inadequate collection and disposal of waste poses a serious health risk to the population and is an obvious cause of environmental degradation in most cities of the developing world. Mixed municipal solid waste is dumped either indiscriminately in the neighborhood or, if collected by a waste collection service, disposed of in uncontrolled dumpsites. Problems associated with Solid waste management are complex because of the quantity and diversity of the nature of waste and financial limitations on public services in large cities. The problem is not only conf ined to land, it includes air and water as well. Before discuss the waste management system of Pakistan and its impact on environment, there are few essential things which should be discuss. What is Waste management system? And why it is important? Definition: Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health and the environment. Importance: Waste management is very important because waste that is not properly managed can create serious health or social problems in a community. It is very important to keep human waste out of water supplies. Human waste contains diseases that make people sick. All the waste material of every kind is damaging the environment badly. PAKISTAN: Due to ineffective development planning, large cities are confronting a number of complex urban problems. It is estimated, that the urban areas of Pakistan generate about 54,850 tons of solid waste daily or about 20 million tons per annum. Presently only a part of solid waste is collected, transported and dumped. The means are inefficient and in most cases inadequate to cope with the present day challenges i.e. bulk and composition of municipal waste. Presently there is not a single city with properly planned and efficient system of SWM reaching the acceptable standard of environmental protection. Proper method of dumping the wastes is not employed. Hazardous hospital and industrial wastes are simply treated as ordinary waste. In most of the areas solid waste especially plastic bags get into open drains and sewers choking the system. In addition, bio-non-degradable solid wastes including toxic hospital and industrial wastes are found lying in heaps. Open burning of waste and bio-non-degradable component of wastes like plastic bags are adding to the pollution problems. Owing to the low levels of development and economic levels, it is not possible to make use of latest techniques, technologies and equipment being used in developed world. For this reason many parts of the large urban areas and in some cases entire cities have turned into environmental black spots. Our present system on solid waste management is in dire need of its over hauling on comprehensive basis. The respective municipalities despite spending their 20 to 40% budget have not been able to achieve the desirable standards of environmental quality. In view of this, it would be appropriate to involve private sector in solid waste management (SWM) on the whole or partial basis for any part or whole of the city. The involvement of private sector will enable the respective municipality to achieve the desirable standards of solid waste management with the reduced cost due to their efficiency and management. Solid Waste Generation Estimates: According to NCS Pakistan generates 47,290 tones of solid waste per day with the growth rate of2.4% per year. That means present estimate is 54,888 tones/ day. The Rate of generation of waste average from all type of municipal controlled areas varies from 0.283 kg/capita/day to 0.613 kg/capita/day. There is no weighing facility at disposal sites, no tradition of waste sampling and analysis. There is a big difference exists in solid waste generated and amount reaching final disposal site. Sources of Solid Waste: There are many sources of waste generation, the table below gives the source of the waste generation and the wastage comes out from these sources. In addition to these sources the other important source is necessary to mention there and that is hospital wastes. Hospital wastes are categorized according to their weight, density and constituents. The World Health Organization (WHO) has classified medical waste into different categories. These are: Infectious: material-containing pathogens in sufficient concentrations or quantities that, if exposed, can cause diseases. This includes waste from surgery and autopsies on patients with infectious diseases; Sharps: disposable needles, syringes, saws, blades, broken glasses, nails or any other item that could cause a cut; Pathological: tissues, organs, body parts, human flesh, fetuses, blood and body fluids; Pharmaceuticals: drugs and chemicals that are returned from wards, spilled, outdated, contaminated, or are no longer required; Radioactive: solids, liquids and gaseous waste contaminated with radioactive substances used in diagnosis and treatment of diseases like toxic goiter; and Collection of Waste: Municipal solid waste (MSW) is collected in roadside bins and Municipal Corporation collects it infrequently. Solid waste generation ranges between 0.6 to 0.8 Kg/capita/day and the waste generation growth rate is 2.4% per year. Fairly around 40% of the generated waste remains either at collection points or in streets [2]. It is a common practice to burn this waste in open. Residential waste is usually collected and transported directly to a landfill site. However, these landfills are not designed properly causing problems like incomplete decomposition of MSW, methane production and leach ate contamination of groundwater. At the collection points, different types of waste are not collected separately, and there is no proper waste collection system either. Waste is dumped un-segregated and collected by three methods: 1) hauled container system, 2) stationary container system and 3) bull carts. In Pakistan, the containers are mostly transported from one place to another with help of a truck or tractor, which is overflowing and not covered properly. The waste spills out of the container and a lot of it falls in the streets before reaching the landfill site. Similarly, in certain areas bull and donkey carts are used to collect the MSW. The cart goes from street to street picking up the waste and is again not a proper system for waste collection. Disposing Techniques: The solid waste disposal process in Pakistan is one which is least developed. 3 primary ways of disposing waste are in practice landfill, size reduction and screening. Residential wastes are usually collected and transported directly to a landfill site. When new landfills are being planned, the most important issue is to find a location that is acceptable to the public and to local regulatory agencies. In the management of existing landfills, the major concern is to ensure that proper operational procedures are followed carefully and routinely. In the past, the term sanitary landfill was used to describe landfill where the waste was covered at the end of each days operation. Today, sanitary landfill refers to an engineered facility, designed and operated to minimize public health and environmental impacts. Problems with landfills are subject to biological and physical factors in the environment. As a result, they change over time and may cause the several problems including leach at e contamination of groundwater; methane production; incomplete decomposition and separation. The separation of solid waste components is one of the most positive and effective ways to recover and reuse materials. Size reduction is a process in which collected waste materials are mechanically reduced in size. In practice, the terms shredding, grinding, and milling are used interchangeably to describe mechanical size reduction. The objective of size reduction is to obtain a final product that is reasonably uniform and considerably reduced in size in comparison with its original form. In addition, screening is used to separate mixtures of materials of different sizes into two or more sizes by using screening surfaces. Many new technologies have been developed to solve MSW problems, but unfortunately, these technologies are either too sophisticated or expensive for use in developing countries like Pakistan. Formal Sector Involved in SWM: Planning Development Division at Federal and PD Departments at provincial level are responsible for preparation of development plans and allocation of resources The Ministry of Environment is responsible at federal level for policies and programmers. PEPA (Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency) and Provincial EPAs are main regulatory bodies for implementation of Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 Town, Tehsil Municipal Administration(TMAs) are responsible for solid waste collection, transportation and disposal TMAs due to lack of funds, rules, standards, expertise, equipment and vehicles are unable to handle the continuously increasing volumes of municipal waste. In-Formal Sector Involved in SWM There are independent operators dealing in waste collection, purchase, separation, restoration, resale and recycling, with the scale of operations ranging from itinerant manual workers to large recycling factories. Kabaris are large-scale waste dealers who operate from shops and warehouses. There are approximately 1,000 in Karachi and most specialize in just one type of waste which they buy at auctions or from middle dealers and resell to recycling plants, or recycle themselves. The Safai Kamai Bank operates every Tuesday from a bazaar in Karachi and uses the slogan â€Å"Garbage is Gold†. People can bring their dry garbage for sale on a per kilogram basis the price paid depends on the item. Items purchased include newspapers, other paper waste, plastic bags, metal, glass and plastic bottles. Waste Busters collect rubbish from households and charge about US$2 a month, which includes the delivery of about 30 rubbish bags. The refuse is taken to the transfer station where it is sorted out and loaded onto trucks for recycling. Pakistan Environment Welfare and Recycling Program (PEWARP) has established a small production unit manufacturing three organic products from waste purchased from itinerant buyers at Karachis huge vegetable market. The vegetable waste is crushed and the liquid extract collected which results in liquid concentrate sold as a pesticide, dilute liquid sold as fertilizer and solid residue. Shehri, a Karachi based NGO, also known as ‘Citizens for a Better environment is primarily concerned with the protection and conservation of the natural and built environment. It has produced recommendations for improved bin designs and promotes awareness on solid waste management. Recycling waste materials The separation practices are well established and, as a result, quantities of certain waste components, such as bottles, newspapers, plastic, food waste and aluminum cans etc. are considerably reduced in the waste stream. Once re-saleable waste components have been separated from waste they are considered to be raw materials: Impact: Increases in population and migration into cities have created serious environmental problems including inadequate solid and liquid waste management, lack of safe water and minimal pollution control. Many southern cities are characterized by overcrowded housing, contaminated water supplies and lack of proper sewage disposal, drainage or waste collection, all of which contribute to an unhealthy urban environment. Communities living near dump sites also suffer the nuisance of smoke and smells, and such sites as well as uncollected waste in general attract rodents and flies which provide a transmission route for disease. At present very little awareness exists among the stakeholders in Karachi about composting, the product compost, and its characteristics. Alternative nutrient supply to crops is currently practiced through the application of raw sewerage (on vegetables resulting in high health risks regarding to human consumption) and animal manure. The consumption of soil nutrients or similar products is also growing. Thus there is a possibility that if compost were introduced, it may be well received by the increasing potential users. Improper disposal of municipal solid waste (MSW) has serious results for the environment and human health. Problems can spread over a wide area. For example disposal of wastes into nallahs, canals and rivers can pollute the water supply along the whole length of the watercourse. Infections and diseases can spread from dump sites into the general population. Serious health hazards directly associated with improper solid waste management include skin and eye infections are common; dust in the air at dumpsites can cause breathing problems in children and adults; flies breed on uncovered piles of rotting garbage and spread diseases like diarrhea, dysentery, typhoid, hepatitis, and cholera. Mosquitoes transmit many types of diseases like malaria and yellow fever similarly, dogs, cats and rats living around refuse carry a variety of diseases including plague and flea born fever. In addition, intestinal, parasitic and skin diseases are found in workers engaged in collecting refuse. Solid waste also contributes heavily to ground and water as well as air pollution levels. The most serious problem is groundwater contamination. As water filters through any material, chemicals in the material may dissolve in the water, a process called leaching. The resulting mixture is called leach ate. As water percolates through MSW, it makes a leach ate that consists of decomposing organic matter combined with iron, mercury, lead, zinc, and other metals from rusting cans, discarded batteries and appliances. It may also contain paints, pesticides, cleaning fluids, newspaper inks, and other chemicals. Contaminated water can have a serious impact on all living creatures, including humans, in an ecosystem. When waste is burnt heavy metals like lead, toxic gases and smoke spreads over residential areas. The wind also carries waste, dust and gases caused by decomposition. Putrefaction of waste in sunlight during daytime results in bad smells and reduced visibility. Response: Pakistan has responded to its environmental problems by developing laws, establishing government agencies and accepting technical assistance from donors. Despite this, the response remains fragmented and environmental institutions, laws, and other initiatives do not solve the whole problem. Environmental legislation is still not well developed in Pakistan, especially in comparison to the developed world. For example, there are no national quality standards for MSW. Currently, individuals dispose off wastes by throwing away plastic bags, wrappers, fruit peels, cigarette butts, etc. in public places. Littering spreads pollution and ends up clogging drains and causing sanitation problems. This can be controlled by making roadside dustbins or proper disposal of waste at home. If proper waste management is practiced, this waste could be converted into useful products. Raising public awareness through media campaigns has been a welcomed step from the governments regularly authorities. However, the culture of reduce, reuse and recycle is still a long way from setting in as a trait of more conscientious society. Solid waste management is also one of the core areas identified in the National Environmental Action plan as SWM planning in Pakistan is developing into a complex task because of increasing population. The primary focus of the program is to strengthen institutional capacities and policy processes for solid waste management. Currently the collection capacity of the concerned departments is less than desirable levels and only about 60% of the solid municipal waste is collected while remaining goes unattended. Case Study:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  To understand the basic problems of Waste management System of Pakistan, We chose Karachi as a case study and meet some officials of KMC of different town. To contact these people is very difficult; the officials do not come on time and sometime not present on their seats during their duty times. After a long effort we finally got some people who gave some time and explained the system. Due to security reasons we did not allow to take pictures. The main officials are Mr. Fahad (ATO, Gulshan Town), Mr. Nafees (KMC officer). Mr. Talha (KMC officer, Saddar Town). We worked with UNAP (United Nation Association of Pakistan) and CDGK on their MISSION GREEN Project last year, therefore we have already enough information about the current system. Extraction of all interviews:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Karachi is the largest city of Pakistan, a home to over 10 million people. Responsibilities for the collection, transport and disposal of household, commercial, and institutional waste as well as street sweepings, lie with the municipal authorities. Sanitary workers are employed by Town Municipal Administration to sweep streets and are often hired by residents to provide a primary waste collection service. Recently some private entrepreneurs, mostly refugees from Afghanistan have entered into the field of waste collection. Till 2001, the Karachi Metropolitan Corporation (KMC) was the responsible agency for solid waste management. Since August 2001, the administrative structure has been changed and the city is governed by the City District Government of Karachi which has replaced KMC and various other local authorities. The city of Karachi is now divided into 18 towns. The solid waste management remains the responsibility of city government and town municipal admin istration. According to estimates provided by Karachi Metropolitan Cooperation (KMC), approximately 100 tons/day originates from the Vegetable Market and some 70 tones/day from the Empress Market. Most of the waste generated at these markets are biodegradable and should thus constitute an excellent raw material for composting. Food wastes and garden waste are dominant in high-income localities as much of the remaining and half eaten food was disposed off in the refuse while the fresh food material was given to the servants. Here garden waste constitutes nearly 22 percent of the refuse compare to low-income settlements where dry leaves and other garden waste were found to be much less than 9%. Conclusion:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pakistan has all the abilities to cover up these problems. But the political instability and other economics and social issues causes hindrance to achieve our goal. Our government is working hard to cope up with this issue and many projects already started so we are in a process of change and we will find a feasible way to dispose our waste or reuse them for our benefits. REFERNCES: http://www.dawn.com/2007/07/19/local12.htm http://www.shehri.org/subpages/wastemanagement.htm http://www.dawn.com/2006/02/16/local1.htm http://www.nazariapak.info/environment http://www.nazariapak.info/environment/#FSAir http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waste_management http://www.wwfpak.org/factsheets_hwf.php http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2006%5C03%5C02%5Cstory_2-3-2006_pg7_21 INTERVIEWS BY THE KMC OFFICIALS

Offshore structures Essay

A well structure situated at the sea, some distance from the shore is known as an offshore well. This well is normally drilled at the seabed using specially designed drilling equipments and different drilling techniques are used. What are deviated wells, doglegs? A deviated well is a horizontal well drilled at an angle usually greater than 80 degrees to the vertical. It involves drilling horizontal and slant-hole wells which enhance better intersection of vertical structures in tight formations. Deviated well is essential since it prevents the fracture of vertical lines, which enhance the permeability of natural gas much higher than the unfractured rock. They increase production rate and minimize cost of ecological damage. Deviated wells can be grouped as unintentionally deviated and intentionally deviated. Unintentionally deviated implies that the well lies on a vertical or near a vertical plane. A dogleg is a sharp deviation or bend in a well’s direction or inclination. They are characterized by being abrupt, decreasing or increasing, excessive long and permissible. It can also referred to as an elbow . . Include a section on offshore well structure /design explaining how it is designed Offshore well structures are designed to bear up all foreseeable conditions which may be weather related as well as environmental loading factors such as earthquake induced loads. Accidental loads such as collisions, fires and explosions are also considered when designing a well structure . In designing this, a floating offshore structure which is polygon shaped and used for drilling or production purpose is used. It contains apertures on its sides meant for reducing the movement of the structure as a result of undersea currents. The structure further consists of a production platform extending above the water surface, and a series of buoyancy tanks which provide the structure with the ability to float. Apertures, surrounded by coamings, is located on each side of the structure to allow ocean currents to flow laterally through the center of the structure. It also makes it possible and easy for oil and gas can dissipate from the center of the structure if a rupture occurs. A fluid retention tank and ballast in the structure lowers the center of gravity of the structure and make it more stable, and a centerwell running through the longitudinal center of the structure allows one or more risers to run from the ocean floor to the operating platform. The structure can then be moored to the sea floor through the use of a catenary mooring system. . Bibliography Chow F I (Houston, TX), Freedman G W (Kingwood, TX), Kemper J H (The Woodlands, TX), Devlin P V (Pearland, TX), Polygon floating offshore structure, 1999, retrieved 23 August 2008, Graff W, J, Introduction to offshore structures: Design, Fabrication, Installation. Gulf publication company, 1981, ISBN 0872016943 Lyons W,C , Standard Handbook on Petroleum Gas Engineering. Gulf Professional publishing, 2005, ISBN 0750677856 Wilson H,W, Applied Science and Technology Index. H. W Wilson Co. publishers, 2006

Setting Up and Validating Radio Buttons

The setup and validation of radio buttons appears to be the form field that gives many webmasters the most difficulty in setting up. In actual fact the setup of these fields is the most simple of all form fields to validate as radio buttons set one value that only needs to be tested when the form is submitted. The difficulty with radio buttons is that there are at least two and usually more fields that need to be placed on the form,  related together and tested as one group. Provided that you use the correct naming conventions and layout for your buttons, you will not have any trouble. Setup the Radio Button Group The first thing that to look at when using radio buttons on our form is how the buttons need to be coded in order for them to function properly as radio buttons. The desired behavior we want is to have only one button selected at a time; when one button is selected then any previously selected button will be automatically deselected. The solution here is to give all of the radio buttons within the group the same name but different values. Here is the code used for the  radio button themselves. input typeradio namegroup1 idr1 value1 /input typeradio namegroup1 idr2 value2 /input typeradio namegroup1 idr3 value3 / The creation of multiple groups of radio buttons for the one form is also straightforward. All you need to do is to provide the second group of radio buttons with a different name to that used for the first group. The name field determines which group that a particular button belongs to. The value that will be passed for a specific group when the form is submitted will be the value of the button within the group that is selected at the time that the form is submitted. Describe Each Button In order for the person filling out the form to understand  what each radio button in our group does, we need to provide descriptions for each button. The simplest way to do this is to provide a description as text immediately following the button. There are a couple of problems  with just using plain text, however: The text may be visually associated with the radio button, but it may not be clear to some who use screen readers, for example.  In most user interfaces using radio buttons, the text associated with the button is clickable and able to select its associated radio button. In our case here, the text will not work in this way unless the text is specifically associated with the button. Associating Text with a Radio Button To associate  the text with its corresponding radio button so that clicking on the text will select that button, we need to make a further addition to the code for each button by surrounding the entire button and its associated text within a label. Here is what the complete HTML for one of the buttons would look like: input typeradio namegroup1 idr1 value1 /label forr1 button one/label As the radio button with the id name referred to in the for parameter of the label tag is actually contained within the tag itself, the for and id parameters are redundant in some browsers. Their  browsers, however, are often not smart enough to recognize the nesting, so it is worth putting them in to maximize the number of browsers in which the  code will function. That completes the coding of the radio buttons themselves. The final step is to set up the radio button validation using JavaScript. Setup Radio Button Validation Validation of groups of radio buttons may not be obvious, but it is straightforward once you know how. The following function will validate that one of the radio buttons in a group has been selected: // Radio Button Validation// copyright Stephen Chapman, 15th Nov 2004,14th Sep 2005// you may copy this function but please keep the copyright notice with itfunction valButton(btn) {    var cnt -1;    for (var ibtn.length-1; i -1; i--) {          if (btn[i].checked) {cnt i; i -1;}    }    if (cnt -1) return btn[cnt].value;    else return null;} To use the above function, call it from within your form validation routine and pass it the radio button group name.  It will return the value of the button within the group that is selected, or return a null value if no button in the group is selected. For example, here is  the code that will perform the radio button validation: var btn valButton(form.group1);if (btn null) alert(No radio button selected);else alert(Button value btn selected); This code was included into the function called by an onClick event attached to the validate (or submit) button on the form. A reference to the whole form was passed as a parameter into the function, which uses the form argument to refer to the complete form. To validate the radio button group with the name group1 we, therefore, pass form.group1 to the valButton function. All of the radio button groups that you will ever need can be handled using the steps covered above.